| ANN | artificial neural network |
| AR | auto-regressive |
| BAER | brainstem auditory evoked response |
| cAMP | cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate) |
| cGMP | cyclic GMP (guanosine monophosphate) |
| CNN | convolutional neural network |
| DAG | directed acyclic graph |
| dlPFC | dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
| EBN | excitatory burst neuron |
| ECoG | electro-corticogram |
| EEG | electro-encephalogram |
| EM | electro-magnetic |
| EPSC | excitatory postsynaptic current |
| EPSP | excitatory postsynaptic potential |
| FEF | frontal eye field |
| FOR | fastigial oculomotor region (caudal fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum) |
| GNN | graph neural network |
| IBN | inhibitory burst neuron |
| INC | interstitial nucleus of Cajal |
| IPL | inner plexiform layer (retina) |
| IPSC | inhibitory postsynaptic current |
| IPSP | inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
| ISI | inter-spike interval |
| LLM | large language model |
| LTD | long term depression |
| LTP | long term potentiation |
| MD | medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus |
| MLF | medial longitudinal fasciculus |
| mPFC | medial prefrontal cortex |
| MSN | medial septal nucleus |
| MST | medial superior temporal lobe |
| MT | medial temporal lobe |
| nAcc | nucleus accumbens |
| NRI | nucleus raphe interpositus |
| OPL | outer plexiform layer (retina) |
| PC | predictive coding |
| PEF | parietal eye field (in and around area LIP in humans) |
| PFC | prefrontal cortex |
| PI | inferior pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus |
| PL | lateral pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus |
| PPRF | paramedian pontine reticular formation |
| PSTH | peri-stimulus time histogram (could be either pre-stimulus or post-stimulus) |
| PTP | post-tetanic potentiation |
| rINC | rostral interstitial nucleus of Cajal |
| riMLF | rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus |
| PCA | principal component analysis |
| RNN | recurrent neural network |
| SC | superior colliculus |
| SOM | self organizing map |
| STD | short term depression |
| STDP | spike timing dependent plasticity |
| STP | short term potentiation |
| t | physical time |
| T | time mapped onto neural networks |
| TMS | trans-cranial magnetic stimulation |
| t-SNE | t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding |
| TTFS | time to first spike |
| V1 | primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17 in humans) |
| VEP | visual evoked potential |
| vmPFC | ventromedial prefrontal cortex |